淡水湿地种子库的研究方法、内容与展望

种子库是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中全部存活种子的总和.种子库的研究是深入探讨湿地植被结构、功能与动态等方面的重要基础,同时也是对湿地生物多样性研究的一个重要补充,对于了解植被演替动态、植被更新和受损湿地植被重建与恢复具有指导意义.本文结合国内外淡水湿地种子库研究现状,对湿地种子库的形成、研究方法以及湿地种子库时空格局、种子库与地表植被的关系、水文变化对湿地种子库的影响、湿地种子库在湿地恢复中的应用等主要研究内容进行了系统的总结;同时对湿地种子库的时间动态、种子库的分类、种子库与地表植被的关系、湿地恢复重建及湿地景观营造等研究进行了展望.     

A new gymnosperm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sylvocarpus armatus</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Permian of the Ural Mountains

A Permian gymnosperm is described as a new genus and new species, Sylvocarpus armatus gen. et sp. nov., on the basis of half-closed seed-bearing capsules. The new plant is assigned to the Angaropeltidaceae, a family related to the Peltaspermales and Caytoniales.     

高黎贡山旱冬瓜Frankia的IGS PCR-RFLP分析

在云南省高黎贡山自然保护区海拔1310～2400m的范围内,采集30个旱冬瓜根瘤样品,直接从根瘤中提取Frankia DNA,对其,nifD-nifK基因间隔区(intergenic spacer,IGS)和16S-23S rDNA IGS进行PCR—RFLP分析．结果表明,nifD-nifK IGS的PCR产物长度差异很大,经HaeⅢ和Afa I双酶切后,得到15种酶切带型,检测到多种基因型的菌株同时与同一株宿主植物共生;16S-23S rDNA IGS的PCR产物长度相似,酶切后亦区分出15种酶切带型．通过对两个基因间隔区的PCR-RFLP联合分析,发现高黎贡山旱冬瓜Frankia存在20种基因型．     

长白山岳桦种群过渡带位置的研究

在长白山北坡,由于水、热条件及其组合的垂直分异,植被形成了完整的垂直带谱．从表观上看,各植被带间存在明显的过渡带,但由于多种因素的影响,过渡带的位置确定比较困难,文中采用梯度取样方法,应用分形分析、种群分布格局分析和种间竞争分析对海拔1400～2200m的岳桦种群过渡带进行了定量研究,结果表明,岳桦种群在海拔1650m附近与云冷杉林形成一个森林过渡带;在海拔2080m附近与高山苔原形成一个林线过渡带。     

小陇山有毒被子植物调查

据调查统计,甘肃小陇山有毒被子植物共107种,其有毒化学成分主要为非蛋白质氨基酸、肽类、生物碱、酚类衍生物、萜类、甙类和无机及有机物等.对有毒植物的民间用毒、解毒方法进行了调查.     

Upper Emsian Spinelloidea and Cyrtospiriferoidea (Brachiopoda, Spiriferidina) of the Cantabrian mountains (N Spain)

In the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) a strong difference exists between Emsian articulate brachiopod species diversity compared to that of other remaining Devonian stages (169 Emsian species versus 210 species for the rest of the Devonian). Historical, paleogeographic and eustatic reasons are presented that could in part explain this numerical asymmetry. The Emsian stratigraphy of the Asturo-Leonian domain Emsian is briefly discussed and related to both global bio-events and eustatic and magnetosusceptibility events. Spiriferids are the most diversified Emsian brachiopod group (44 species). Despite this fact only nine of these spiriferid species have adequately been described and/or figured in recent times. This paper focuses on the Asturo-Leonian domain upper Emsian Spinelloidea and Cyrtospiriferoidea. Nine species (five new) are described and/or figured belonging to six genera (four new). The meaning of the term “crural plates” and its diagnostic value in the taxonomic characterization of the Family Spinellidae is discussed.     

Lebensspuren von Meersauriern und ihren Beutetieren im mittleren Jura (Callovien) von Liesberg, Schweiz

Summary Numerous gutter-like furrows, up to 60 cm wide and up to 9 m long are preserved at the interface “Macrocephalus Beds”/“Callovian Marl” over a surface of 20 by 200 m. They are interpreted as feeding traces made by large marine vertebrates, most likely plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs searching for food in the lime mud of the shallow Middle Jurassic sea floor. Possible prey animals were infaunal invertebrates (crustaceans) which produced an intricate meshwork of burrows (mainlyRhizocorallium irregulare andThalassinoides) in the bottom sediments, as well as infaunal bivalves. Evidence from cololites of predatory pelagic reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs) as well as reptile regurgitalites indicate that these animals fed not only on fast-swimming vertebrates and cephalopods but also on epi- and endobenthic invertebrates. In addition, the cololites show that the predators ingested considerable amounts of bottom sediment. Different sizes and shapes of the traces suggest that the gutters were produced by different reptiles or age groups. Candidates for the widest gutters are pliosaurs. Of the marine vertebrates known from Jurassic time, only the snout of adult pliosaurs of the genusLiopleurodon was broad enough to produce gutters more than 40 cm wide. Smaller, less than 15 cm wide gutters, could have been made by plesiosauroids or by the narrow pointed snouts of ichthyosaurs. Almost identical traces described from the Oxfordian of Spain and similar but smaller traces from the Lower Devonian of Prague are equally interpreted as feeding traces on the sea floor. Feeding traces of vertebrates in bottom sediments may give detailed information on the hunting behaviour of the predators. However, the attribution of the traces to definite vertebrate taxa remains uncertain.

     

秦岭地区赤胸梳爪步甲种群的遗传多样性和扩张历史分析（英文）

赤胸梳爪步Dolichus halensis (Schaller)（鞘翅目：步甲科）是重要的捕食性天敌昆虫,在我国分布广泛。为揭示其种群遗传多样性和扩张机制, 本研究以秦岭地区为中心,以线粒体Cox1 tRNALeu Cox2基因片段为分子标记,对来自于24个采集点共191个个体进行了检测分析。在长度为1 601 bp的碱基中共检测到45个变异位点,定义了53个单倍型,单倍型多样性高（H_d=0.796）,而核苷酸多样性较低（P_i=0.0033）。系统发育分析结果表明该地区该物种存在两大进化枝。分子变异分析（AMOVA）表明86.61%的变异来源于种群内。SAMOVA和PERMUT分析结果一致,表明秦岭地区分布的赤胸梳爪步甲种群不存在明显的谱系地理结构。中性检验和错配分布分析的结果一致,表明该物种在秦岭地区曾经发生过种群扩张。综上,认为赤胸疏爪步甲种群经历过冰期后的扩散。     

新疆哈密山区天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)的种群数量调查*

查清新疆东部哈密山区野生天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)种群的现状,可为有效保护与合理利用野生马鹿资源提供科学依据。我们通过截线抽样法和遥感技术,弄清哈密山区天山马鹿的栖息地范围,估算马鹿的种群数量及种群密度。在哈密山区野生天山马鹿分布区域共设计了28条样线,总长度60.1 km,遇见马鹿233头,通过计算得到该地区马鹿天山亚种种群平均密度为(2.83?1.01)头/km2。栖息地面积374.35 km2,估计马鹿总数为(1 057.56?379.71)头左右。雌雄比例2.24:1,幼体和亚成体的总数量多于成体和老体总数。研究区域内马鹿的种群密度和资源总数量比往年的调查结果有所上升;马鹿的分布海拔高度比较一致,但种群的大小具有不均匀性;从性比和年龄结构来看该研究区域的马鹿种群面向着数量的增长趋势。